9/13/2023 0 Comments Phytophthora tomatoIn Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana), the extracellular aspartic protease CDR1 functions in disease resistance signaling as a positive regulator of cell death ( Xia et al., 2004). Rcr3, an apoplastic papain-like Cys protease from tomato, is required for specific resistance to the plant pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum ( Kruger et al., 2002). P69B is induced by multiple plant pathogens, including the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, citrus exocortis viroid, and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae ( Tornero et al., 1997 Zhao et al., 2003 Tian et al., 2004), and appears to account for a significant portion of the increase in total endoprotease activity observed in defense-activated tomato ( Tornero et al., 1997 Zhao et al., 2003 Tian et al., 2004). For example, the subtilisin-like Ser protease P69B, an apoplastic pathogenesis-related (PR) protein of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum), has long been tied to plant defense ( Tornero et al., 1997 Zhao et al., 2003 Tian et al., 2004). The plant apoplast forms a protease-rich environment in which proteases are integral components of the plant defense response ( Tornero et al., 1997 Jorda et al., 1999 van Loon and van Strien, 1999 Kruger et al., 2002 Xia et al., 2004). infestans evolved two distinct and structurally divergent protease inhibitors to target the same plant protease suggests that inhibition of P69B could be an important infection mechanism for this pathogen. Recombinant EPI10 specifically inhibited subtilisin A among the major serine proteases, and inhibited and interacted with P69B subtilase of tomato. The epi10 gene was up-regulated during infection of tomato, suggesting a potential role during pathogenesis. EPI10 contains three Kazal-like domains, one of which was predicted to be an efficient inhibitor of subtilisin A by an additivity-based sequence to reactivity algorithm (Laskowski algorithm). Here, we describe and functionally characterize a second extracellular protease inhibitor, EPI10, from P. Among these, the two-domain EPI1 protein was shown to inhibit and interact with the pathogenesis-related protein P69B subtilase of tomato and was implicated in counter-defense. Plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as the potato ( Solanum tuberosum) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) pathogen Phytophthora infestans, secrete a diverse family of serine protease inhibitors of the Kazal family. Phytophthora diseases on Rhododendron may affect up to 10% of plants if a nursery becomes infected with Phytophthora ramorum, it could lose $90,000 to $1.3 million in costs for crop destruction and cleanup plus loss of sales.The plant apoplast forms a protease-rich environment in which proteases are integral components of the plant defense response. Phytophthora syringae results in more than $1 million in annual losses to shade tree production in Oregon alone. Phytophthora diseases have a large economic impact on the nursery industry. Notorious Phytophthora diseases include rhododendron root rot, sudden oak death, and potato late blight. Phytophthora disease is the number-one disease of nursery crops nationwide. However, Phytophthora organisms are often referred to as water molds because they do need water to complete their life cycle.Ĭertain species of Phytophthora cause important diseases in vegetable crops, fruit and nut trees, and forest trees as well as in nursery crops. While they are most closely related to aquatic organisms, such as brown algae and diatoms, they can also exist on land. Phytophthora species resemble fungi but are not. The name Phytophthora derives from Greek and literally means “plant destroyer.” Phytophthora (Fy-TOFF-thor-uh) species make up a group of microorganisms that are important plant pathogens.
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